Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate a quantitative dynamic assessment of facial
movement symmetry changes after orthognathic surgery. Twenty-five patients diagnosed
with skeletal class III malocclusion with facial asymmetry who underwent bimaxillary
surgery were recruited. The patients were asked to perform a maximum smile that was
recorded using a three-dimensional facial motion capture system preoperatively (T0),
6 months postoperatively (T1), and 12 months postoperatively (T2). Eleven facial landmarks
were selected to analyse the cumulative distance and average speed during smiling.
The absolute differences for the paired landmarks between the sides were analysed
to reflect the symmetry changes. The results showed that the asymmetry index of the
cheilions at T2 was significantly lower than that at T0 (P = 0.004), as was the index of the mid-lateral lower lips (P = 0.006). The mean difference in cheilions was 2.13 ± 1.41 mm at T0, 1.33 ± 1.09 mm
at T1, and 1.00 ± 0.98 mm at T2. The facial total mobility at T1 was significantly
lower than that at T0 (P < 0.001), while the total mobility at T2 was significantly higher than that at T1
(P = 0.012). The orthognathic surgical correction of facial asymmetry was able to improve
the associated asymmetry of facial movements.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- The importance and psychology of facial expression.Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2018; 51: 1011-1017https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2018.07.001
- The aesthetic dentofacial analysis.Clin Plast Surg. 2007; 34: 369-394https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2007.05.008
- Role of facial expressions in social interactions.Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2009; 364: 3453-3458https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0142
- The face—a musculoskeletal perspective. A literature review.Swiss Dent J. 2018; 128: 678-688
- A computerized photographic assessment of the relationship between skeletal discrepancy and mandibular outline asymmetry.Eur J Orthod. 2006; 28: 97-102https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cji097
- Characteristics and corrective outcome of face asymmetry by orthognathic surgery.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009; 67: 2201-2209https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.04.039
- Evaluation of long-term hard tissue remodelling after skeletal class III orthognathic surgery: a systematic review.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020; : 51-61https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.02.022
- A novel three-dimensional smile analysis based on dynamic evaluation of facial curve contour.Sci Rep. 2016; 622103https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22103
- The clinical application of three-dimensional motion capture (4D): a novel approach to quantify the dynamics of facial animations.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014; 43: 907-916https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2014.01.010
- Three-dimensional motion analysis—an exploratory study. Part 1: assessment of facial movement.Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008; 11: 216-223https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00433.x
- Changes in facial movement after maxillary osteotomies.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997; 55: 1044-1048https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(97)90275-5
- A comparison of three-dimensional and two-dimensional analyses of facial motion.Angle Orthod. 1996; 66: 189-194https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1996)066<0189:ACOTDA>2.3.CO;2
- Modeling facial movement: I. A dynamic analysis of differences based on skeletal characteristics.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004; 62: 1372-1379https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2004.03.014
- Facial mobility after bimaxillary surgery in class III patients: a three-dimensional study.J Craniofac Surg. 2011; 22: 2304-2307https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0b013e318232a7f0
- The impact of orthognathic surgery on facial expressions.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015; 73: 2380-2390https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2015.05.008
- Quantitative analysis of facial movement—a review of three-dimensional imaging techniques.Comput Med Imaging Graph. 2009; 33: 377-383https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compmedimag.2009.03.003
- Three-dimensional dynamic analysis of the facial movement symmetry of skeletal class III patients with facial asymmetry.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020; 78: 267-274https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2019.09.007
- Facial asymmetry in subjects with skeletal class III deformity.Angle Orthod. 2002; 72: 28-35https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(2002)072<0028:FAISWS>2.0.CO;2
- 3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005; 99: 212-220https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.06.072
- 3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry in patients with maxillofacial deformities.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006; 102: 382-390https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.10.057
- Assessment of the reproducibility of facial expressions with 3-D stereophotogrammetry.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009; 140: 76-81https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.09.007
- A comparison of the reproducibility of verbal and nonverbal facial gestures using three-dimensional motion analysis.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010; 142: 867-872https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2010.03.003
- Anthropometry of the Head and Face. Second edition. Raven Press, New York, NY1994
- Quantitative analysis of normal smile with 3D stereophotogrammetry—an aid to facial reanimation.J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010; 63: 65-72https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2008.08.062
- Facial movement in 3 dimensions: average templates of lip movement in adults.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011; 145: 24-29https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599811401701
- Asymmetry of the face in orthodontic patients.Angle Orthod. 2008; 78: 421-426https://doi.org/10.2319/022107-85.1
- Characterization of facial asymmetry in skeletal class III malocclusion and its implications for treatment.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019; 48: 1533-1541https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.06.014
- Postoperative swelling after orthognathic surgery: a prospective volumetric analysis.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014; 72: 2241-2247https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2014.04.026
- Three-dimensional longitudinal evaluation of facial mimicry in orthognathic class III surgery.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019; 48: 355-363https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2018.09.004
Article info
Publication history
Published online: June 24, 2022
Accepted:
June 13,
2022
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.
